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Figure 4 | Molecular Pain

Figure 4

From: Peripheral administration of morphine attenuates postincisional pain by regulating macrophage polarization through COX-2-dependent pathway

Figure 4

Morphine decreases the expression of pro-nociceptive cytokine, IL-1β and increased the expression of endogenous opioid, enkephalin. The expression levels of Penk were increased at morphine-treated sites. The expression levels of Il1b were reduced at morphine-treated sites, whereas morphine did not alter the expression levels of Tnf. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 (two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc testing). Data are mean ± SEM (n = 8 for each group). Veh; vehicle (PBS), Mor; morphine 10 μg, Nal; naloxone 5 μg, Penk; preproenkephalin, Tnf; tumor necrosis factor, Il1b; interleukin-1β.

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Molecular Pain

ISSN: 1744-8069

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