Table 6 Targets for prevention of secondary hyperalgesia induction in humans.

Stimulus-induced hyperalgesia

Opioid receptors

alfentanil

agonist

X

capsaicin

n/a

n/a

[218, 219]

fentanyl

agonist

n/a

n/a

X

tested 5 days after back surgery

--

[169, 193]

remifentanil

agonist

X

heat/capsaicin

n/a

n/a

[222]

morphine

agonist

X

capsaicin heat/capsaicin burn

X

tested 24 h after hysterectomy

[220, 221, 224]

[233]

hydromorphone

agonist

X

heat/capsaicin

n/a

n/a

[223]

Locoregional anaesthesia

epidural anaesthesia

multiple

n/a

n/a

X

tested 3 days after colon surgery

--

[161]

lidocaine

Na⁺-channel antagonist

X

skin incision capsaicin

n/a

n/a

[168, 178]

Na ⁺ channels, systemic

lamotrigine

antagonist

0

capsaicin

n/a

n/a

[225]

4030W92

antagonist

0

capsaicin

n/a

n/a

[225]

NK1R Descending inhibition

aprepitant

antagonist

0

transdermal electric

n/a

n/a

[227]

desipramine

noradrenaline/5-HT reuptake inhibitor

0

capsaicin

n/a

n/a

[226]

NMDAR

ketamine

antagonist

X

HFS/LTP capsaicin burn

X

tested 7 days after renal surgery, 3 days after colon surgery

[20, 224, 252]

[160, 191]

VGCC

pregabalin

modulation at α₂δ-subunit

X

transdermal electric

n/a

n/a

[227]

gabapentin

modulation at α₂δ-subunit

X/0

transdermal electric, capsaicin

n/a

n/a

[228–230]

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia

General anaesthesia

propofol

0

transdermal electric/RW

n/a

n/a

[232]

α ₂ -adrenergic receptors

clonidine

agonist

0

transdermal electric/RW

n/a

n/a

[189]

COX-2

parecoxib

antagonist

0

transdermal electric/RW

n/a

n/a

[231]

NMDAR

ketamine

antagonist

X

transdermal electric/RW

X

tested 48 hours after major abdominal surgery with high-dose remifentanil infusion

[189]

[212]