Opioid | Receptor | Species | Model | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buprenorphine | ORL1 agonist | Rat | Hot plate | M = F | [72] |
MOR partial agonist | Tail withdrawal | M > F | |||
KOR antagonist | Â | Â | Â | ||
M = F | [72] | ||||
Temporal summation (thermal stimulus / tail withdrawal) | M > F | [76] | |||
Butorphanol | MOR partial agonist | Rat | Capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia (Tail withdrawal) | M = F | [77] |
KOR agonist | |||||
Temporal summation (thermal stimulus / tail withdrawal) | M > F | [76] | |||
Fentanyl | MOR agonist | Rat | Tail flick | M = F | [78] |
Methadone | MOR agonist | Rat | Tail flick | M > F | [79] |
Morphine | MOR agonist | Rat | Abdominal constriction | M > F | |
KOR agonist | Hot plate | M > F | |||
DOR agonist | Â | M < F | [87] | ||
Tail flick | M > F | ||||
M = F | [95] | ||||
Tail withdrawal | M > F | ||||
Temporal summation (thermal stimulus / tail withdrawal) | M > F | [96] | |||
Mouse | Hot plate | M > F | |||
Tail Flick | M > F | [100] | |||
Tail Withdrawal | M > F | ||||
M = F | [101] | ||||
M < F | [101] | ||||
Nalbuphine | KOR agonist | Rat | Tail withdrawal | M > F | |
MOR antagonist | |||||
Heroin | MOR agonist | Rat | Acquisition of self-administration | M < F | |
KOR agonist | |||||
DOR agonist |